The Delhi Sultanate was a 320-year-old Islamic dynasty. It ruled over large portions of South Asia from its capital city of Delhi. Following the Ghurid Empire's conquest of the continent, the Delhi Sultanate was ruled successively by the Mamluk, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. It included sizable portions of modern Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, as well as the southernmost reaches of Nepal.
The sultanate is renowned for integrating the Indian subcontinent into global cosmopolitan civilization, for repelling Mongol raids, and for installing Razia Sultana, one of the few female monarchs in Islamic history. She ruled from 1236 to 1240.
Dynasties
Mamluk Dynasty
Qutb al-Din Aibak, who had previously served as Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori's slave, was the first sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. Due to his ancestry, this dynasty is known as the Mamluk (slave descent) dynasty. After Aibak's death in 1210, Aram Shah assumed power. However, Iltutmish's position was precarious, and a section of Muslim nobility resisted him because they had supported Qutb al-Din Aibak. Iltutmish assassinated Aram Shah in 1211. Iltutmish increased his power through a string of triumphs and the ruthless execution of rivals. The Delhi Sultanate had been ruled by a succession of feeble rulers who struggled over the Muslim elite, were killed, and had short reigns after Iltutmish's death. The Mamluk dynasty came to an end when Khalji assassinated Qaiqabad, the last Mamluk ruler, and brought in the Khilji dynasty.
Khilji Dynasty
Firuz Jalal Uddin The Khilji dynasty's first emperor was named Khilji. He rose to power during the Khilji Renaissance, a time when a varied Indo-Muslim elite replaced the Turkish nobles as the dominant power. Before being slain by his nephew and son-in-law, Juna Muhammad Khalji, afterwards known as Ala-ud-Din Khilji, in 1296, Jalal-ud-Din Firuz ruled for six years. Historians claim Ala-ud-Din Khalji was a despot. Anyone that Ala-ud-Din believed to be a threat to his rule, as well as their spouses and children, was put to death. In the end, he developed a mistrust for the majority of his nobility and showed preference to just a few slaves and relatives. He is infamous for his brutality towards kingdoms that he has defeated in battle. Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, the 18-year-old son of Ala-ud-Din Khalji, ruled for four years before being killed by Khusro Khan.
Tughlaq Dynasty
From 1320 to the end of the 14th century, the Tughlaq dynasty ruled. The first ruler, Ghazi Malik, changed his name to Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq. Ghiyath al-Din established the town of Tughlaqabad, close to Delhi, during his five-year rule. Numerous historians concur that he was murdered by his son, Juna Khan, who assumed power in 1325. After changing his identity to Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Juna Khan ruled for 26 years. The Delhi Sultanate reached its geographic apex during his reign and controlled the majority of the Indian subcontinent. Firuz Shah Tughlaq's passing was followed by unrest and the end of the monarchy.
Sayyid Dynasty
After the Timurid invasion and robbery, the Delhi Sultanate was in ruins, and the Sayyid dynasty's rule is unrecorded. The first emperor of this dynasty, Khizr Khan, rose to power by posing as Timur. Near Delhi, a large number of individuals contested his authority. He was succeeded by Mubarak Khan, also known as Mubarak Shah, who made vain attempts to oust Khokhar warlords from lost Punjab territory. However, the Sayyids were overthrown by the Lodi dynasty in 1451, which resulted in the revival of the Delhi Sultanate.
Lodi Dynasty
The Lodi dynasty was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi, the first Pashtun to rule the Delhi Sultanate. In order to strengthen the power of the Delhi Sultanate, Bahlul Lodi began his reign by waging war against the Muslim Jaunpur Kingdom, which he only partially succeeded in doing thanks to a treaty. After that, the Delhi Sultanate regained command over the area extending from Delhi to Varanasi. After Bahlul Lodi passed away, his son Nizam Khan assumed control and ruled under the name Sikandar Lodi from 1489 to 1517. Sikandar Lodi passed away peacefully in 1517, and his son Ibrahim Lodi succeeded him as ruler. When Ibrahim Lodi passed away, the Delhi Sultanate came to an end, and the Mughal Empire took its place.
Conclusion
The Delhi Sultanate was the collective term for five transient Muslim rulers of Turkish and Pashtun (Afghan) provenance that ruled the region of Delhi from 1206 to 1526 CE. The Mughals established the Mughal Empire over India in the 16th century after overthrowing the last member of their family. The fusion of indigenous and Muslim practices and aesthetics under the Delhi Sultanate gave rise to the first examples of Indo-Islamic architecture and art, which later reached their apogee under the Mughal emperors. The Sultanate's accomplishments in architecture had the biggest influence on India's fine arts.
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