The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) set minimum energy performance standards for commercial buildings. Under section 14 (p) of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Central Government has powers to prescribe ECBC for non-residential buildings, having connected load of 100 KW and above or a contract demand of 120 KVA and above or recommended built-up area of 1000 sqm and above. or building complex for efficient use of energy and its conservation. The state governments have the flexibility to modify ECBC to suit local or regional needs. Energy performance standards for the following building systems will be included in the ECBC:
- Building Envelope
- Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning
- Lighting
- Service Water Heating
- Electric Power and Distribution
The salient features of the ECBC for the Composite Climate Zone are as under:
1. Building Envelope:
ECBC compliant design strategy for a building is as under:| Heat/Moisture Losses | Walls | Roof | Window |
|---|
| Minimize Conduction Losses | Use insulation with low U-value | Use insulation with low U-value | Use material with low U-factor |
| Minimize Convection Losses & Moisture Penetration | Reduce air leakage & use vapor barrier | Reduce air leakage & use vapor Barrier | Use prefabricated windows and seal the joints between windows and walls. |
Roof Requirement:| Climate Zone | Hospitals, Hotels, Call Centres, (24-hours) | | Other Building types (Daytime) | |
|---|
| Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) | Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C) | Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) | Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C) |
| Composite | U-0.261 | R-3.5 | U-0.409 | R-2.1 |
Wall Requirement:| Climate Zone | Hospitals, Hotels, Call Centres, (24-hours) | | Other Building types (Daytime) | |
|---|
| Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) | Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C) | Maximum U-factor of the overall assembly (W/sq.m-0 C) | Minimum R-value of insulation alone (W/sq.m-0 C) |
| Composite | U-0.440 | R-2.10 | U-0.440 | R-2.10 |
Glazing requirements:| Climate | Maximum U-factor | Maximum SHGC WWR < 40% | Maximum SHGC 40% < WWR <60% |
|---|
| Composite | 3.3 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
| Composite | 3.3 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
| Minimum Visible Light Transmittance | | | |
| Window –Wall-Ratio | | Minimum VLT | |
| <30% | | 0.27 | |
| 31%-40% | | 0.20 | |
| 41%-50% | | 0.16 | |
| 51%-60% | | 0.13 | |
Defaults for Unrated Vertical Fenestration (Overall Assembly including the Sash and Frame) | | Clear Glass | | Tinted Glass | | | |
|---|
| Frame Type | Glazing Type | U- Factor(W/m2-0C) | SHGC | VLT | U-Factor | SHGC | VLT |
| All frame types | Single Glazing | 7.1 | 0.82 | 0.76 | 7.1 | 0.70 | 0.58 |
| Wood, vinyl, of fiberglass frame | Double Glazing | 3.3 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 3.4 | 0.42 | 0.39 |
| Metel and other frame type | Double Glazing | 5.1 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 5.1 | 0.50 | 0.40 |
Envelope Performance Factor Coefficients for Composite Climate (under review) | Daytime Occupancy | | 24- Hour Occupancy | |
|---|
| U – Factor | SHGC | U – Factor | SHGC |
| Mass Walls | 6.01 | – | 13.85 | – |
| Curtain Walls, Other | 15.72 | – | 20.48 | – |
| Roofs | 11.93 | – | 24.67 | – |
| North Windows | -1.75 | 40.65 | -4.56 | 58.15 |
| Non-North Windows | -1.25 | 54.51 | 0.68 | 86.57 |
| Skylights | -96.35 | 311.71 | -294.66 | 918.77 |
Comfort requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings of Composite Climate Zone| Thermal Requirements | Physical Manifestation |
|---|
| Reduce Heat Gain in Summer and Reduce Heat Loss in Winter | |
| Decrease exposed surface area | Orientation and shape of building. Use of trees as wind barriers |
| Increase thermal resistance | Roof insulation and wall insulation |
| Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) | Thicker walls |
| Increase buffer spaces | Air locks/Balconies |
| Decrease air exchange rate | Weather stripping |
| Increase shading | Walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and trees |
| Increase surface reflectivity | Pale color, glazed china mosaic tiles, etc. |
| Reduce solar heat gain | Use glazing with lower SHGC and provide shading for windows. Minimize glazing in East and West |
| Promote Heat Loss in Summer/Monsoon | |
| Increase air exchange rate ( Ventilation) | Courtyards/wind towers/ arrangement of openings |
| Increase humidity levels in dry summer | Trees and water ponds for evaporative cooling |
| Decrease humidity in monsoon | Dehumidifiers/ desiccant cooling |
Source:- Nayak and Prajapati (2206), Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings.
2. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC):
i) Minimum Efficiency for Chillers:| Equipment Class | Minimum COP | Minimum IPLV | Test Standard |
|---|
| Air Cooled Chiller <530KW (<150 tons) | 2.90 | 3.16 | ARI 550/590-1998 |
| Air Cooled Chiller>=530KW(>=150 tons) | 3.05 | 3.32 | ARI 550/590-1998 |
| Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller <530KW(<150 tons) | 5.80 | 6.09 | ARI 550/590-1998 |
| Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller >=530KW and =150 tons and <300 tons) | 5.80 | 6.17 | |
| Centrifugal Water Cooled Chiller >=1050KW(>=300 tons) | 6.30 | 6.61 | ARI 550/590-1998 |
| Reciprocating Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller all sizes | 4.20 | 5.05 | |
| Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller <530KW(<150 tons) | 4.70 | 5.49 | ARI550/590-1998 |
| Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller>=530 and =150 and <300 tons) | 5.40 | 6.17 | |
| R Rotary Screw and Scroll Compressor, Water Cooled Chiller>=1050KW(>=300 tons) | 5.75 | 6.43 | ARI 550/590-1998 |
ii) Unitary Air
Conditioning Equipment:| Equipment Class | Minimum COP | Minimum IPLV | Test Standard |
|---|
| Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner >=19 and =5.4 and <11 tons) | 3.08 | | ARI 210/240 |
| Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner >=40 to =11 to <20 tons) | 3.08 | | ARI 340/360 |
| Unitary Air Cooled Air Conditioner >=70KW(>=20 tons) | 2.93 | 2.99 | ARI 340/360 |
| Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner<19KW(<5.4 tons) | 4.10 | | ARI 210/240 |
| Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner>=19 and =5.4 and <11 tons) | 4.10 | +++ | ARI 210/240 |
| Unitary Water Cooled Air Conditioner>==11 tons) | 3.22 | 3.02 | ARI 210/240 |
3. Lighting:
i) Lighting Power Requirement: Table 7.3.1 Interior Lighting Power-Building Area Method| Building Area Type | LPD (W/sq.m) | Building Area Type | LPD (W/sq.m) |
|---|
| Automotive facility | 9.7 | Multifamily | 7.5 |
| Convention Center | 12.9 | Museum | 11.8 |
| Court House | 12.9 | Office | 10.8 |
| Dining: Bar Lounge/Leisure | 14.0 | Parking Garage | 3.2 |
| Dinging: Cafeteria/Fast Food | 15.1 | Performing Arts Theater | 17.2 |
Table 7.3.2 Interior Lighting Power –Space Function Method| Space Function | LPD (W/sq.m) | Space Function | LPD (W/sq.m) |
|---|
| Lobby | 14.0 | Hospital | |
| For Hotel | 11.8 | Emergency | 29.1 |
| For Performing Arts Theater | 35.5 | Recovery | 8.6 |
| For Motion Picture Theater | 11.8 | Nurse Station | 10.8 |
ii) Exterior Building Lighting Power:| Exterior Lighting Applications | Power Limits |
|---|
| Building entrance (with canopy) | 13 W/m2 (1.3 W / ft2) of canopied are |
| Building entrance (without canopy) | 90 W/lin m (30 W/lin f) of door width |
| Building exit | 60 W/lin m (20 W/lin f) of door width |
| Building facades | 2 W/m2 (0.2 W/ ft2) of vertical facade area |
iii) Interior Lighting Power – Space Function Method:| Space Function LPD (W/m2) | | Space Function LPD (W/m2) | |
|---|
| Office-enclosed | 11.8 | For Reading Area | 12.9 |
| Office- open plan | 11.8 | Hospital | |
| Conference/Meeting/Multipurpose | 14.0 | For Emergency | 29.1 |
| Classroom/Lecture Training | 15.1 | For Recovery | 8.6 |
| Lobby | 14.0 | For Nurse Station | 10.8 |
| For Hotel | 11.8 | For Exam Treatment | 16.1 |
| For Performing Arts Theater | 35.5 | For Pharmacy | 12.9 |
| For Motion Picture Theater | 11.8 | For patient Room | 7.5 |
| Audience/Seating Area* | 9.7 | For Operating Room | 23.7 |
| For Gymnasium | 4.3 | For Nursery | 6.5 |
| For Convention Center | 7.5 | For Medical | 23.7 |
| Audience/Seating Area* | 9.7 | For Operating Room | 15.1 |
| Atrium –first three floors | 6.5 | For Low Bay (<8m celling) | 12.9 |
| Atrium-each additional floor | 2.2 | For High Bay (>8m ceiling) | 18.3 |
| Lounge/Recreation* | 12.9 | For Detailed Manufacturing | 22.6 |
| For Hospital | 8.6 | For Equipment Room | 12.9 |
| Dining Area* | 9.7 | For Control Room | 5.4 |
| For Hotel | 14.0 | Hotel/Motel Guest Rooms | 11.8 |
| For Motel | 12.9 | Dormitory- Living Quarters | 11.8 |
| For Bar Lounge/Leisure Dining | 15.1 | Museum | |
| For Family Dining | 22.6 | For General Exhibition | 10.8 |
| Food Preparation | 12.9 | For Restoration | 18.3 |
| Laboratory | 15.1 | Bank office- Banking Activity Area | 16.1 |
| Restrooms | 9.7 | Retail | |
| Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room | 6.5 | For Sales Area | 18.3 |
| Corridor/Transition* | 5.4 | For Mall Concourse | 18.3 |
| For Hospital | 10.8 | Sports Arena | |
| For Manufacturing Facility | 5.4 | For Ring Sports Area | 29.1 |
| Stairs-active | 6.5 | For Court Sports Area | 24.8 |
| Active Storage* | 8.6 | For Indoor Field Area | 15.1 |
| For Hospital | 9.7 | Warehouse | |
| Inactive Storage* | 3.2 | For Fine Material Storage | 15.1 |
| For Museum | 8.6 | For Medium /Bulky Material Storage | 9.7 |
| Electrical /Mechanical Facility | 16.1 | Parking Garage- Garage Area | 2.2 |
| Workshop | 20.5 | Transportation | |
| Convention Center- Exhibit Space | 14.0 | For Airport- Concourse | 6.5 |
| Library | For Air/Train/Bus- Baggage Area | 10.8 | |
| For Card File & Cataloging | 11.8 | For Ticket Counter Terminal | 16.1 |
| For Stacks | 18.3 | | |
4. Service Water Heating:
Mandatory Requirements
a) Solar water heater or heat recovery for at least 20% of the design capacity
Minimum efficiency for service water heating equipment
Piping insulation
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